https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/1136 07 2026-04-15T07:13:09Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/83813 Commercially pure titanium (cpTi IV) and Ti6Al4V are widely used in dental implants due to their good me- chanical properties and clinical reliability. However, their high elastic modulus may cause biomechanical mismatch with bone, and Ti6Al4V contains potentially cytotoxic elements such as Al and V. Additionally, exposure to acidic carbonated beverages may compromise implant longevity by accelerating corrosion. This study compares the biomechanical (stiffness and strength) and biofunctional (corrosion resistance and bioac- tivity) performance of cpTi IV and Ti6Al4V with a commercial Ti35Nb7Zr5Ta alloy, which features a lower elastic modulus and lacks cytotoxic elements. Although promising, Ti35Nb7Zr5Ta is more costly and requires more complex processing, warranting detailed evaluation. Disc-shaped samples were produced by loose sintering and fully dense processing to assess the influence of porosity. Corrosion behavior was analyzed using open circuit potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and potentiodynamic polarization in artificial saliva and Coca-Cola at 37 ◦C. Results show superior corrosion resistance for cpTi IV, balanced mechanical–corrosion behavior for Ti6Al4V, and improved biomechanical compatibility and bioactivity for Ti35Nb7Zr5Ta. Porosity and acidic conditions negatively affected passive film stability. These findings support optimization of titanium- based dental and orthopedic implants. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/83344 Abstract A part definition drawing must accurately assume the functional require- ments of the mechanical system to which it belongs to enable correct functional dimensioning. This dimensioning is essential for the methods office to define its production and for metrology to define its verification. It should be noted that the functional dimensioning process we propose simulates a professional exercise in an academic environment. In this paper, a method that uses a 3D model of a mechan- ical system is adopted and the nominal models of the components. It also relies on analyzing the positioning of each part in the possible working states of the mechanical system. The part functional dimensioning requires mastery of the ISO-GPS language (International Organization for Standardization-Geometrical product specifications), and a precise analysis of the operation and positioning of each component. This anal- ysis of the part positioning will allow the definition of the necessary datum systems and the definition of the initial GPS specifications of dimension, tolerance zone and pattern (maximum or least material requirement). Both analyses should provide us with the ISO-GPS functional dimensions in the functional definition drawings according to ISO 16792:2021 and other GPS standards. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/83186 Este trabajo presenta un nuevo material polimérico en forma de película (FLAC) que contiene la enzima lacasa inmovilizada mediante enlaces diazo, diseñado para la degradación del colorante índigo carmín, el cual es altamente tóxico y se encuentra comúnmente en las aguas residuales de la industria textil. La inmovilización de la enzima en la película se caracterizó mediante SEM, FT-IR, DSC, TGA y EDXS. La degradación del colorante por FLAC se inicia en presencia de un mediador debido al alto potencial redox del colorante. Se evaluaron seis mediadores naturales (ácido ferúlico, siringaldazina, guayacol, eugenol, timol y ácido p-cumárico), y se logró la degradación completa del colorante en 180 min, con una concentración de mediador de 1 ppm (siringaldazina) y una concentración de colorante de 10 ppm. Una novedad de este estudio es el corto tiempo de exposición de la solución colorante-mediador a FLAC (15 min), lo que permitió que el proceso de degradación continuara de forma autónoma tras retirar la película. Además, se observó que el material fue más efectivo en presencia de productos de lavado textil, alcanzando más del 99 % de degradación en 40 min, superando su eficacia en agua destilada. En cuanto a la reutilización, el material mantuvo más del 90 % de su actividad después de cinco ciclos de uso y lavado. El Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (ACV) y el Análisis Tecnoeconómico (ATE) identificaron palancas clave para la viabilidad tecnoeconómica y ambiental: reducir el tiempo de ciclo (medios con tensioactivos), maximizar la reutilización y el volumen/concentración por ciclo, implementar la recuperación de disolventes y la descarbonización energética, estableciendo así una hoja de ruta para un escalado sostenible. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/83184 Electronic tongues (ETs) are of great interest for the dairy industry. However, still several problems related to the fouling of the electrodes and the preservation conditions of the samples, limit their usage in milk analysis. In this work, the effects of sampling and preservation methods used to analyze raw cow milk in the performance of a portable ET based on serigraphied electrodes have been explored and optimized. Fouling caused by fat and proteins is drastically decreased if milk samples are diluted and sonicated at 20 kHz (pulses of 30 s during 5 min) previous to the analysis. Preservation by freezing at − 20ºC or by addition of azidiol have an important influence in the electrochemical responses, but freezing is a more efficient preservation method for ET analysis than azidiol. Principal Component Analysis of the signals obtained using the optimized conditions allows the discrimination of 180 milk samples with different characteristics. Using Support Vector Machine Regression (SVMR) model, the ET is able to predict the percentage of fat, protein, urea, somatic cell count (SCC) and β-Hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) with good correlation coefficients and low residual errors. The system reported can be thus used for fast in situ analysis of five parameters in a single experiment. 2023-10-15T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/82900 Several renowned architectural masterpieces, preserved solely through literary descriptions, have played a crucial role in facilitating discussions on both theoretical and visual perspectives, offering insights about their real appearance. Regardless of the level of detail in textual descriptions, words fall short in fully encapsulating the multifaceted nature of architecture. This inherent lack of precise definition opens up a creative space for authors who embark on the challenge of visually translating text into images. In doing so, theoreticians and architects have infused their creativity into the graphic representation of those descriptions, enriching the visual interpretation of architectural concepts. The task of converting textual descriptions into images is now closely aligned with the new capabilities of text-to-image generation provided by numerous Artificial Intelligence applications. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive review and update of the Villa Laurentina through experiments with “prompts” derived from the texts of Pliny the Younger, in order to generate and evaluate the resulting images. Those capabilities enable us to suggest as well an exercise in observing how Stable Diffusion reacts once it has been fine-tuned with graphic proposals that have been issued by scholars throughout history, incorporating those same “prompts” by Pliny. The outcomes are analyzed in terms of the ability of artificial intelligence to decode texts and perform visual interpretations about the classical theme of representing lost architectures after customizing the Stable Diffusion tool. 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/82768 Catálogo exposición "Botellas con mensaje. Diseño y comunicación en envases de vidrio". Palacio Quintanar, Segovia 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/82520 En la primera esclusa del Canal de Castilla se ubicó una ferrería a unos 2,5 km de Alar del Rey, en Barrio de San Vicente (Palencia). La ferrería funcionó durante unos años, y tras su abandono se convirtió en una central hidroeléctrica a principio de siglo XX. Actualmente está en ruinas y sin ninguna maquinaria. El proceso industrial inicial de ese artefacto fue descrito por Juan de Homar. Homar se refiere a este artefacto como un "Mazo para la construcción de colleras, tenazas, tejedores, chevrones, gatos, guarniciones de carruajes, clavos de todas clases y otras muchas herramientas...". El establecimiento metalúrgico, fue principalmente utilizado para la fabricación de herramientas de obras del propio canal y para las actividades agrícolas. El ingeniero director del canal confirmó el uso de este establecimiento en un documento gráfico en 1806. Juan de Homar, Ingeniero Director de los Reales Canales, impulsó su uso industrial a propuesta de Francisco Sabatini, Director del Cuerpo de Ingenieros. El artefacto es una obra más grande que las realizadas en otras esclusas del Canal. La planta era cuadrada, organizada en torno a un patio de dos plantas sobre el tanque de desvío. La masa de agua, dividida en varios canales en la entrada para aprovechar un desnivel total de 3,02 m, fue transformada tras la transformación del artefacto en central hidroeléctrica. Finalizado su uso industrial, la degradación del edificio se aceleró. El Plan Regional del Canal de Castilla incluye este edificio en las hojas de catalogación y 41 protección (grado III) con la denominación “central hidroeléctrica” y uso original de “molino” sin especificar fecha de construcción más que un largo periodo. de 1759-1804. Actualmente sin uso, el edificio conserva algún mecanismo para regular la entrada de agua del dispositivo, pero no queda nada de la maquinaria original. El presente trabajo plantea una metodología sistemática de trabajo para la reconstrucción virtual del artefacto, con el objetivo de desarrollar un modelo digital que reproduzca no solo la edificación, sino también la maquinaria industrial y su proceso industrial. 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/82511 Near the 11–12 locks of the Canal de Castilla, there once stood a paper mill built in the 18th century and dismantled in 1983. Despite the scarce physical remains, the absence of original plans, and the limited availability of data, this research aims to reconstruct its initial layout, characteristics, and operation. To achieve this, an analytical– synthetic method has been followed: in the analysis phase, multiple sources and materials are thoroughly examined from various perspectives, while in the synthesis phase, drawing is employed as a means of reflection, since any hypothesis about this factory must be validated through sufficiently precise graphical representations. The most relevant result is the complete drafting of the factory’s plans, including its machinery, as well as the clarification of its production system. The main conclusion suggests that, although based on the mechanisms and equipment of traditional paper mills, this manufacturing facility sought to be innovative and exemplary in its time. Its dispersed typology was designed to improve and dignify working conditions for employees, while its internal organization optimized the paper production process and increased manufacturing capacity. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/82506 Across national statistics, construction repeatedly ranks among sectors with the highest injury and fatality rates. Vehicle-related accidents constitute a modest share of minor injuries yet contribute a significant fraction of construction fatalities. This study analysed 16,781 Spanish construction vehicle-related accidents recorded from 2009 to 2022 (2.5% severe-fatal) to identify determinants of injury severity and develop predictive models. Records were retrieved from Delt@, the compulsory national electronic occupational injury reporting platform. Variables were structured into two domains (organisational, contextual) and five categories. Methods combined descriptive profiling, chi 2 association tests, mutual-information ranking and three machine-learning classifiers (Random Forest, XGBoost, multilayer perceptron). Seven predictors-hour block, worker age, job tenure, site zone, deviation pattern, injury type and body region-showed the strongest association with severity. Separate models were trained on contextual and organisational feature sets. The contextual model detected 87.1% of severe/fatal cases (balanced accuracy 88.1.%), while the organisational model detected 59.3% (balanced accuracy 62.1%). The findings emphasise the importance of scheduling (time-of-day exposure), targeted training for short-tenure and at-risk age groups (30-59 years old), and control of the site zone. These results provide practical guidance for managers, regulators, engineers and safety practitioners seeking to reduce the number of vehicle-related accidents on construction sites, particularly those with a high level of severity. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/82471 Research on work accidents is important to determine the causes of occupational accidents to effectively prevent them in the future and improve workplace safety. This study aims to analyse the evolution of accidents in the metal products manufacturing subsector for construction (CNAE subsector 251) in Spain for the period 2009-2022 to classify accidents into different operational profiles. This will facilitate the proposal of specific preventive measures based on the severity and characteristics of each accident. Data for this study are collected from occupational accident reports via the Delt@ (Electronic declaration of injured workers) IT system. The study variables were classified into five groups: temporal, personal, business, circumstances, and consequences. Accidents at work are more common in males and in middle-aged workers (30-59 years). Companies with less than five workers, works outside the usual workplace and workers with less three months of length of the service in the company present high accident rate, both in light as fatal accidents. A semi-supervised model has been developed using the Fuzzy Cluster algorithm that can detect serious accidents with a recall rate of approximately 64% and group them into three distinct categories. This makes it possible to propose specific preventive measures for each category, of which there are 12 in total. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/81859 A part definition drawing must accurately assume the functional requirements of the mechanical system to which it belongs to enable correct functional dimensioning. This dimensioning is essential for the methods office to define its production and for metrology to define its verification. In this paper, we adopt a method that uses a 3D model of a mechanical system. It is therefore necessary to provide the nominal models of the components. Also relies on analysing the positioning of each part in the possible working states of the mechanical system. The part functional dimensioning requires mastery of the ISO-GPS language (mainly UNE-EN ISO 1101:2017 and UNE-EN ISO 5459:2024) and a precise analysis of the operation and positioning of each component. Analysis of how the mechanism works must be based on the tolerance stackups, applying the ‘worst case’ and statistical methods, depending on the number of components integrating the chain of dimensions The positioning of each part depends on the identification and definition of the contact surfaces and on the order of the prevalence between them. This analysis of the part positioning will allow the definition of the necessary datum systems and the definition of the initial GPS specifications of dimension, tolerance zone and pattern (maximum or minimum material condition). Both analyses should provide us with the ISO-GPS functional dimensions in the functional definition drawings according to ISO 16792:2021 and other GPS standards. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/81206 This article deals with the analysis of the part positioning in models of mechanical assemblies and its systematic recording. This analysis is essential in the process of obtaining the functional dimensioning of each component that meets the geometric requirements set by the specifications. The method is derived from knowledge of the nominal models of each component and the whole assembly. The first phase of functional dimensioning is based on the analysis of the positioning of each part in any possible operating state. The part positioning depends on the identification and definition of the contact surfaces and their order of preponderance. This method makes it possible to obtain the dimensioning of the contact surfaces by means of position specifications. In addition, by precisely defining the part positioning, the ISO dimensioning can be carried out in such a way that the consistency of the dimensioning with the requirements can be easily verified. Every functional requirement will generate a tolerance stackup of influencing dimensions that must be recorded. Considering that an assembly or device may have several operating states, parts may have several operating positions which shall be analyzed and provide different dimension tolerance stackups and functional dimensions. For the above reasons, the method must use the language common to all these environments, which is none other than the ISO-GPS language. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/81205 This paper advocates the convergence of terminology and lexicography, and illustrates this view by presenting some of the steps taken for incorporating terminological resources and ideas in an online dictionary portal that is being constructed at the University of Valladolid (Spain). This dictionary portal contains several dictionary types, was designed by the same team and is being constructed from the same theoretical perspective, regardless of whether some of the lexical items included are judged "lexicographic", i.e. related to general language expressions, or "terminological", i.e. connected with terms. In addition to dealing with certain basic tenets of dictionary portals, the paper describes an ad-hoc typology of definitions that has been created for two main reasons. Firstly, it makes the process of compilation easier, more uniform, and more readily systematised, thus facilitating the efforts of different people in different places at different times. Secondly, these definitions will feed the Spanish–English Write Assistant, a commercially driven language tool that uses a language module based on statistics and is in the process of using Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, e.g. machine learning and neural networks, for creating patterns. We have found that precise definitions, similar to terminological (i.e. encyclopaedic) definitions, for most lemmas increase the tool's functions. Such definitions offer a very different picture of current monolingual Spanish and bilingual Spanish–English dictionaries. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/81149 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) is the international symbolic language used to express geometrical technical functional requirements in technical drawings and unambiguously to define their meaning by relying on precise concepts and symbolic representations. Facing some ambiguities produced by certain "open" interpretations in the geometric specification of products (GPS) justifies a critical study and the indication a few guidelines for graphic interpretation of some concepts. On the other hand, EN ISO 1101: 2017 is a functional dimensioning tool defined on isolated, rigid, and immobile parts (except for run-out specifications) that should express unambiguously and completely all the specifications per zone for the geometry of a product on a sufficient nominal model support for the understanding of the standard and corresponding to the functional requirements of its assembly context, to which the part belongs. These difficulties in the interpretation of the norm persist at present, as reported by companies in our industrial environment. This document suggests guidelines for the interpretation of some concepts of the EN ISO 1101: 2017 standard (for non-expert engineering students) and aims to apply a systematic sequential procedure set in a series of steps to provide the precise determination of the tolerance zone to avoid ambiguity, misconceptions, and to enable definition and representation of geometric specifications in technical drawings. 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/81148 La lexicografía especializada en ingeniería gráfica no dispone de una obra de referencia que, mediante consultas puntuales, asista a estudiantes en un contexto universitario de aplicación técnica y de adquisición de conocimiento de EGI (expresión gráfica en la ingeniería). Una obra lexicográfica de expresión gráfica en la ingeniería (EGI) incluye unidades lexicográficas especializadas de esta área cuyo significado completo puede expresarse mediante dos componentes: uno verbal y otro gráfico. Este trabajo propone un procedimiento que facilita a los lexicógrafos una lista inicial de unidades de significación especializadas de este ámbito que permite satisfacer las necesidades de información de un usuario potencial y conforma una obra de referencia de EGI. Esta primera lista de lemas se obtiene utilizando el método Delphi y servirá de base para un futuro diccionario de español en el ámbito de la ingeniería gráfica. El proceso que presentamos consta de dos rondas a expertos, con sus respectivos cuestionarios más una consulta dirigida a los alumnos. Se decide adoptar un método de experto refrendado por expertos: en este caso, un experto diseña el primer cuestionario, que se envía a un grupo de expertos. Cabe destacar que la primera ronda tiene un objetivo adicional, previo a la dinámica establecida en este método, que es la identificación de unidades especializadas por un panel de expertos. Los conceptos resultantes se consideran fundamentales, a criterio de los docentes, por la dificultad que representan, por su importancia dentro del campo de conocimiento o porque son fuente de errores recurrentes en el contexto de aprendizaje que se contempla en este trabajo. La información adicional que proporcionan los estudiantes permite una discusión interesante sobre 52 conceptos y la comparación de los resultados respecto a la opinión de los expertos. Una vez identificados y consensuados los conceptos, tenemos en cuenta las implicaciones teóricas de la teoría de las funciones lexicográficas (TFL) para definir una aplicación práctica de este trabajo. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/81128 Specialized lexicography in graphic engineering has never had a tool in dictionary format that facilitates knowledge acquisition for students and meets their specific lexicographic needs in a technical university context. This paper presents an initial lemma list for a Spanish dic- tionary in the field of graphic engineering. The Delphi method has been used to assure expert con- sensus in this area. In addition, two equally professional surveys have been conducted by an expert and endorsed by experts. The fundamental concepts are considered, either because of the difficulty they represent, or due to their importance within our field of knowledge for which engineering documents and technical standards with technical graphic elements have been employed. Students have taken part in the process, thereby allowing identification of convergences and divergences between both groups of participants. The paper concludes with, on the one hand, a final list of accepted concepts and, on the other, of additional uncertain concepts, which could satisfy diction- ary user needs and constitute the beginning of a functional online dictionary. 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z