https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/5431 Ciudades - 2007 - Num. 10 Thu, 23 Apr 2026 13:49:49 GMT 2026-04-23T13:49:49Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/29446 Introducción al nº09 de Ciudades Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/29446 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10288 Behaviour changes related with leisure, after the second half of the Twentieth Century, intensify and diversify retail activities. Commerce, culture and leisure organize the contemporary urban space. Therefore new retail areas polarize the urban settlements. Consumption has a clear social meaning. Everything can be transformed into consumption. Retail centres are provided with systems of security and control, used like elements of well-being. Comfortable atmospheres are created where nobody is worried, but the desire of re-moducing the traditional public space performs copies of those places, as pieces of reality in artificial scenes. First, retail parks were settled in the Lisbon and Oporto metropolitan zone, but now they are also located in smaller cities. Retail is considered in the regional settlement and used as a tool of city-planning.; La consolidación de nuevos hábitos asociados al aumento del tiempo libre, después de la segunda mitad del s. XX, intensifica y diversifica las actividades comerciales. Comercio, cultura y ocio organizan el espacio urbano contemporáneo. Los espacios comerciales son elementos estructurantes y polarizadores del tejido de la ciudad. El consumo está lleno de significado social. Todo aspira a ser transformado en consumo. Los centros comerciales se dotan de sistemas de vigilancia y control, usados como elemento de bienestar entre los ciudadanos. Se crean ambientes confortables donde las preocupaciones estén ausentes. Es el mundo de la imagen. El deseo de contacto con el sentido tradicional del espacio público hace que se creen copias de lugares, pedazos de realidad en escenarios prefabricados. En un principio surgen centros comerciales en la zona metropolitana de Lisboa y Oporto, pero ahora también se encuentran en ciudades más pequeñas. El comercio entra en la organización territorial, siendo usado corno instrumento de intervención urbanística. Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10288 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10287 Le attività commerciali in Spagna han no vissuto negli ultimi trenta anni dei cambiamenti sostanziali, accompagnati dalle trasforrnazioni nelle relazioni di tali attività con lo spazio urbano ed il trasporto pubblico. La città si é frammentata, le sue parti si sono specializzate e nella struttura insediativa della città diffusa sono sorte le grandi superfici commerciali extraurbane. Gli anni ottanta sono stati un periodo di transizione. A Madrid sono stati aperti dei grandi magazzini in centro e contemporaneamente dei centri commerciali nelle zone periferiche. Negli anni novanta si verifica una esplosione di grandi strutture nell'area metropolitana. All'inizio del nuovo secolo, i centri commerciali rappresentano le nodalità territoriali della regione urbana di Madrid. Nasce una nuova gerarchia dei centri urbani, influenzata dalla localizzazione di questi nuovi complessi commerciali. La presenza di queste superfici in Spagna diventa tripla rispetto a quella europea. I nuovi formati commerciali generano degli effetti sulle reti tradizionali e sulla vitalità dello spazio urbano.; The retail activities in Spain have changed in the last thirty years. The relations with public places and public transport have changed too. The city fragments itself. It specializes its activities and places. Great stores located in outskirts districts take place in this framework of sprawled city. The Eighties were a transition period. Warehouses were opened in district centres of Madrid, simultaneously retail parks were inaugurated in outlying districts. In the Nineties, a lot of suburb superstores and retail parks were opened. Al. the beginning of this century, retail parks are authentic territorial nodes in the urban area of Madrid. The retail parks locations create a new hierarchy for the urban centres of this city. The Spanish average in this type of retail triples to the European average. The new retail generates a great impact in the traditional retail, as well as in the vitality of the urban public spaces. Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10287 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10284 El área metropolitana de Lille es un nodo urbano multipolar posicionado al centro de una red de ciudades de relieve internacional, como Paris, Londres y Bruselas. En este área metropolitana se han realizado interesantes experiencias, coherentes con el contexto local, que han centralizado la gestión comercial y toman referencias de la iniciativa de gestión unitaria del centro urbano belga, e inglesa. Las actividades de la gestión centralizada en materia de urbanismo comercial se han aplicado siguiendo distintas orientaciones. El sistema comercial local de Roubaix se ha visto seriamente afectado por la crisis económica derivada del fin de las actividades comerciales y por el desarrollo de muchos centros comerciales periféricos. La revitalización del comercio en el área central tiene lugar bajo iniciativa pública. En Lille el fuerte sistema económico local, reforzado por los programas del tren de alta velocidad internacional y la conexión con proyectos urbanos (Euralille) ha recibido un fuerte impulso para su revitalización por parte de empresas privadas, que suceden de forma progresiva, con acciones menos radicales, pero que tienden a situar el comercio dentro de una reflexión global de la gestión del territorio.; The polycentric Lille metropolitan area, in the northern part of France, is easily connected with important international cities, such as Paris, London and Brussels. In this metropolitan area interesting experiences have been run of centralized retail management, partly referred to the Belgian and the English experiences of Town Centre Management. The activities of centralized management, both of town centres and, specifically, of urban retail, have been implemented in the two main centres of the area - Lille and Roubaix - following different orientations. Roubaix's local commercial system has been heavily affected both by the economical crisis related to the decline of industrial activities and by the development of large suburban retail implantations. The activity of the association for the revitalization of central retail has been mainly supported by public policies. In Lille the stronger local economical system, reinforced by the programs of modernization of the international high-speed railways and the connected urban projects (Euralille) has received an important impulse for its revitalization by private enterprises. Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10284 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10286 In this article we present the research "The assessement of the territorial impact of commercial poles: factory outlet centre, multiplex, shopping malls. An interregional approach" realized between 2005 and 2007 by the Departments Architettura e Pianificazione of the Polytechnic of Milan, Interateneo Territorio of the Polytechnic and University of Turin and Department of Economy of the University of Parma. The research project has taken in account the goal of the Regions Lombardia, Piemonte and Emilia Romagna, sponsors of the work, to develop a common approach both for the analysis of the phenomenon and for the experimentation of guidelines for its management. The starting point of the research project is related to the observation of the innovation of the commercial formats and to the way how the Regions have passed specific Acts for its regulation. By means of a research methodology which has allowed to integrate and to represent the territorial characters and the localization of the principal new formats in the three regions, we have found out the sites which can be defined "interregional commercial poles" and have proposed common guidelines for their governance.; En este artículo presentamos la investigación "Evaluación del impacto territorial de los polos comerciales: factory outlets, multicines, centros comerciales. Una aproximación interregional", realizada entre 2005 y 2007 por los Departamentos de Architettura e Pianificazione del Politécnico de Milán, el Interateneo del Territorio del Politécnico de Turín y el Departamento de Economia de la Universidad de Parma. La investigación ha sido promovida por las Regiones de Lombardía, Piamonte y Emilia Romagna, con el fin de desarrollar un enfoque común tanto para el estudio de los fenómenos como para el desarrollo de directrices de gestión. A partir de la observación de la innovación en formatos comerciales y de las vías de su regulación por las Regiones, se ha prestado especial atención a la formación de "polos comerciales interregionales". Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10286 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10285 El comercio siempre se ha considerado un sector importante en la economía de Milán, pero su papel estratégico en las transformaciones urbanas recientes se ha tenido poco en cuenta. Hasta la mitad de los años 80, cuando millones de metros cuadrados de zonas ferroviarias o industriales aparecieron en el mercado, solo unos pocos centros comerciales y grandes superficies existían en Milán, la mayoría localizadas en la periferia y en el área metropolitana, a menudo a lo largo de rondas y vías de acceso principales. La posibilidad de realizar proyectos de transformación introduciendo nuevas funciones urbanas, entre éstas la de los grandes centros comerciales, gracias al apoyo del gobierno nacional y regional, ha cambiado rápidamente el modelo de los asentamientos comerciales en Milán. No todos los; Retail has always been considered an important sector of the Milan economy, but its strategical role in recent urban transformations has been rarely taken in account. Until the half of the 80s, when millions of square metres of brownfields have appeared in the real estate market, only few shopping malls or great supermarkets existed in Milan, whilst most of the great commercial implantations had been located in the outskirts and in the metropolitan area, often along the main radial roads and infrastructural nodes. The possibility of realizing transformation projects introducing new urban functions, among them large commercial sites, in the brownflelds, facilitated by specific national and regional Acts, has rapidly changed the model of retail settlements in Milan. Not all the projects have been successful, both on the point of view of urban design and of the enhancing of the urban sector in which they were located and on the point of view of the commercial impact. Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10285 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10282 The retail network in Castilla y León has a clear correspondence with the regional urban system, with its weakness and its singularities. The development of new big retail structures and malls, clearly underdeveloped comparing with other Spanish Regions, increases the territorial dependence on main urban centres and also impacts in the traditional retail network with strength. The rural areas and the historical neighbourhoods or centres run the risk of losing their vitality. The retail planning, managed by the Regional administration, tries to balance new and traditional trade structures, however the commerce laws impose in Spain a specific authorization for commercial centres, malls and other "big formats". But the policy is oriented in every case by the decision making process, in a conflictive context between different commercial interests. In this context we detect a misunderstanding of the urban and environmental impacts.; La rete commerciale in Castilla y Léon evidenzia con chiararezza la relazione con il sistema insediativo regionale, con le sue debolezze e peculiarità. Lo sviluppo di nuove grandi strutture commerciali e di malls, benché nettamente minore di quello che si é registrato in altre regioni della Spagna, aumenta la dipendenza del territorio extra urbano dai centri maggiori e determina un rilevante impatto sulla rete distributiva tradizionale. Le aree rurali ed i centri o i sobborghi storici rischiano di vedere diminuita la propria vitalità. La pianificazione delle attività commerciali, gestita dalle Regioni, cerca di trovare un punto di equilibrio tra le strutture commerciali tradizionali e quelle nuove, e comunque la legislazione di settore impone in Spagna una specifica autorizzazione per i centri commerciali, i malls e in genere per i grandi formati della distribuzione moderna. Ma le azioni 50no in ogni caso orientate dagli attori che intervengono nel processo decisionale, in un contesto di conflittualità tra gli interessi dei diversi operatori del settore. E' risultata evidente la sottovalutazione dell'impatto del commercio sui sistemi urbani e ambientali. Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10282 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10283 En los últimos veinte años, el centro de la ciudad de Birmingham, así como su ambiente urbano se han transformado radicalmente. En los años 90 en Inglaterra se registró un cambio decisivo en el gobierno central, tanto en materia de política comercial como en la de movilidad. Se ha intentado regenerar el centro urbano promoviendo y valorizando las funciones comerciales que posee, poniendo fin al enfoque liberal que en el transcurso de los años ochenta ha alimentado la expansión de las grandes estructuras suburbanas. Se da preferencia al modelo de ciudad compacta, así como a la movilidad y sostenibilidad. La experiencia de Birmingham representa un caso paradigmático, ya que ha tenido un proceso de profunda transformación y recualificación del centro de la ciudad, para intentar convertirse en la "nueva capital europea del comercio" y su centro comercial de Selfridge's como el punto de referencia del centro de la ciudad. "Centro de la ciudad compacto y comercial", donde los coches no están permitidos en los espacios peatonales tradicionales de las calles con edificios comerciales. Estos espacios han sido "privatizados" y controlados como parte de la experiencia comercial.; In the last twenty years, Birmingham's city centre and its urban environment have been radically transforming. During the nineties in England, a decisive change in the central government was registered, as much in the matter of retail policies as in the one of mobility. City centre has been regenerated by promoting and valorising the retail activities. Liberal ideas that succeeded in the eighties were finished and a compact model for city took place, giving preference to the mobility and sustainability. Birmingham experience is a reference model because the retail core has been transformed with a strong commercial mission. "Birmingham. Europe's new shopping capital", is the mission, and Selfridges's flagship department store the new city centre landmark. "Multi-block-shopping-centre-city", where no cars are allowed in traditional pedestrian public open spaces between commercial buildings, but where those primary spaces have been privatized and managed as a part of the new "shopping experience". Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10283 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10281 El planeamiento comercial es definido, en este artículo, como el proceso de determinar cuánto comercio, qué tipos y en que lugares debe desarrollarse en un periodo dado. Se realiza a través de la interacción del sector privado (minoristas y promotores) y el público (gobierno nacional y local). El sector privado intenta mantener o incrementar ventas y beneficios, y el público procura cumplir objetivos no comerciales, destinados a servir al interés general. El artículo resume aspectos del planeamiento comercial minorista en el Reino Unido descritos en su libro (GUY, 2006A). Así, la sección 1 plantea el marco administrativo del planeamiento comercial, contrastándolo con el de otros países europeos. La sección 2 resume la política del gobierno central para promover y controlar el desarrollo comercial. Las secciones 3 y 4 sintetizan las actitudes de los urbanistas del gobierno local y los promotores privados respectivamente. La sección 5 argumenta algunos de los resultados principales, en términos de tendencias del desarrollo en localizaciones centrales y no centrales, mientras que la sección 6 esboza algunas conclusiones.; In questo articolo con "pianificazione commerciale" si intende il processo attraverso il quale si definisce quante attività commerciali, di quale tipo ed in quali luoghi dovrebbero essere sviluppate in un determinato periodo. Il processo si sviluppa attraverso l' interazione tra gli attori privati (commercianti e proprietari immobiliari) e gli attori pubblici (governo locale e nazionale). Il settore privato cerca di mantenere stabili o di incrementare vendite e profitti, mentre il settore pubblico persegue obiettivi di interesse piú generale. L'articolo sintetizza alcuni aspetti della pianificazione commerciale nel Regno Unito, facendo riferimento alla ricerca descritta in un testo dell'autore sull'argomento (GUY, 2006A). La prima parte delinea il quadro normativo della pianificazione commerciale e lo confronta con la situazione di altri paesi europei. La seconda parte sintetizza le recenti politiche governative per il sostegno e la regolamentazione del settore commerciale. La terza e la quarta parte delineano i comportamenti degli amministratori locali e degli operatori privati. La quinta presenta i principali esiti dei trend di sviluppo del commercio urbano ed extraurbano, mentre la sesta parte avanza alcune conclusioni. Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10281 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10280 La regulación de las actividades comerciales minoristas en la Región de la Emilia Romagna ha estado caracterizada por tres momentos significativos. El primero comienza con la aprobación de la Ley del 11 de Junio de 1971, n° 426; la cual propone a las autoridades locales realizar e implementar planes para el desarrollo de los marcos del comercio minorista local. El segundo discurre en el transcurso de los anos 80 y está relacionado con el intento de regular el desarrollo comercial con programas y planes supramunicipales, después de considerar el pobre efecto de la regulación a nivel local. Durante la tercera fase, que comienza con la reforma de las actividades comerciales en 1998, se promueve una programación comercial de amplia escala, estrechamente conectada con el Plan Territorial de Coordinación Provincial (PTCP).; The regulation of retail activities in Emilia Romagna Region has been characterized by three main phases. The first one starts with the approval of an Act in 1971, which aimed at supporting local authorities to realize and implement "plans" for the development of the retail local networks. The second one is related to the attempt of regulating the commercial development with programs and plans concerning aggregations of municipalities, after considering the poor effect of the regulation at the local level. During the third phase, starting with the reform of retail activities in 1998, the governance of commercial activities becomes mainly a concern of the large-scale plans, first of the Piani Territoriali di Coordinamento Provinciale (PTCP), realized and implemented by the Provincie. Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10280 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10278 La Ley 114/1998 introduce una reforma del comercio, mediante un cuadro normativo a nivel regional, que supone un nuevo enfoque a la regulación del desarrollo comercial. La lógica que se atribuye a la nueva función institucional del gobierno del territorio se inspira en el concepto de territorialización del comercio, dando nuevos roles al gobierno regional, con el fin de afrontar la problemática del desarrollo, no como un problema de mera competición por la localización de las operaciones. La región del Piemonte ha intentado desarrollar la reforma introduciendo criterios de regulación de las localizaciones comerciales, de acuerdo a criterios socio-económicos y urbano-territoriales de los municipios que han de alojar estas actividades. A partir de la consideración de la dinámica reciente para la localización de las actividades comerciales en la región, se propone un procedimiento específico para la valoración de los impactos territoriales en las grandes zonas comerciales.; The reform process of retail activities has been introduced in Italy with an Act of 1998, which has given the Regions the objective of a new approach for the regulation of their development. The proposal gives new roles to public bodies at different levels of governance, trying to strengthen the relationship between retail and territorial development: retail dynamics can support local development if they are not just related to the competition among developers, but also between "retail local systems". The Piemonte Region has tried to implement the reform introducing criteria of regulation of retail implantations, which take in account socio-economical and urban-territorial characters of the municipalities where the activities are supposed to be localized. Considering the recent dynamics of localization of retail in Piemonte, this chapter presents the methodology of an specific procedure of assessment of the territorial impacts of large commercial zones, as a tool for innovative strategies for the governance of the retail local systems. Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10278 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10279 En la mayoría de los países europeos, entre ellos Francia, la regulación de la actividad comercial minorista se realiza en dos ámbitos diferentes, que trabajan independientemente. En el ámbito del planeamiento urbanístico, se necesita una licencia de construcción, mientras que en el ámbito comercial es una autorización administrativa de apertura del local. En otros países, como Gran Bretaña o Suecia, solamente se solicita un permiso de planeamiento para situar el edificio que alojará la actividad comercial. En principio, el modelo de "doble camino" se puede seguir de varias maneras, para determinar las áreas o del número de comercios minoristas. En Francia, la elección de un modelo donde la regulación, por vía administrativa, tiene lugar con una autorización comercial, provoca la adopción de sistemas de programación cuantitativos de las superficies comerciales. A menudo, los estudios e investigaciones que se solicitan para justificarlo parecen tener como objetivo encontrar un "mejor" equilibrio entre la demanda de los consumidores y la oferta de la actividad comercial minorista.; In most European countries, among them France, the regulations of retail activities are achieved in two different fields, which work independently. In the field of town and regional planning, the procedure's goal is to get a building permission, while a commercial authorization is given to start the retail activity. In other countries, such as Great Britain or Sweden, only a planning permission is requested to locate buildings in which retail activities are run. In principle, the "double path" model can be followed in several ways, with different levels of graduation for the predetermination of the areas or number of retail activities. In France, it seems that the choice of a model where the regulation is managed by a commercial authorization has led the government authorities to adopt more and more a quantitative approach to decide the amount of areas or retail activities to leave. The studies and inquiries, which are requested to justify this approach, often seem to aim at finding a vain "best" balance between the demand of the consumers and the offer of retail activities. Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10279 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10276 La reforma del sector comercial en 1998, y la modificación específica de la Constitución Italiana en 2001 han impulsado la aprobación de diferentes Actas de regulación del comercio por parte de las Regiones, las cuales están en estrecha integración con el desarrollo territorial. Algunas Regiones, como Piamonte, Emilia Romagna y Lombardía, han intentado introducir criterios de programación para las nuevas implantaciones comerciales, sobre todo para las grandes superficies, relacionados con características urbanísticas territoriales; así como procedimientos innovadores para evaluar el impacto del comercio. Otras Regiones han continuado con los instrumentos tradicionales, basados en un criterio cuantitativo de aperturas, animadas por los empresarios, a menudo capital extranjero, que actúan en el mercado prácticamente en régimen monopolístico. La Región de Lombardía con su reciente Acta de programación trienal (2006- 2008) ha introducido el objetivo "impacto cero" para las grandes superficies de venta, limitando el crecimiento comercial periférico y modernizando áreas desmanteladas. Otras políticas previstas experimentan con modelos de gestión unitaria del sistema comercial local.; The reform of the retail sector in 1998 and a specific federalist modification of the Italian Constitution in 2001 have driven the Regions to approve different Acts for retail regulations, that are closely related to territorial development. Some Regions, as Piemonte, Emilia Romagna and Lombardia, have tried to introduce criteria of programming new retail locations, mainly largest ones, connected to territorial characteristics. This approach introduces innovative tools to evaluate retail repercussions on the sites. Other Regions have continued with the traditional tools for quantitative control of retail areas, promoted by private developers, often foreign ones, who can act in the market in nearly monopolistic conditions. The Lombardia Region with its more recent retail programming triennial Act (2006-2008) has introduced the objective "zero impact" for new retail development, containing the suburban land use and reusing dismantled areas. Other policies are foreseen specifically planned to different contexts even experimenting models of unitary management of local retail planning. Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10276 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10277 Retail laws come out to solve the problems generated by new trade formats. First, they were similar to the French model, the law Royer, in order to control the growth of the superstores. Later, Retail Planning began, with Retail Equipment Plans to fit uses of land and Plans for the modernization of retail systems to modify networks of existing stores, giving grants to retailers. The reasons for the retail policies are based on commercial purposes and they are not connected to urban or territorial planning. The Bolkestein guidelines, dated 2006, removed obstacles for locations of large firms in fixed places. Authorizations for new retail locations must respect general interest, trying to reach enterprise efficiency. Government policies have also originated unexpected effects, like decreasing hypermarkets, increasing retail parks and supermarkets, and encouraging enterprises concentration.; Nuove norme legislative sono state prodotte per risolvere i problemi sollevati dalla sviluppo dei nuovi formati commerciali. All'inizio, sono stati ispirati dal modello francese della legge Royer, con l'obiettivo di regolamentare le grandi strutture distributive. Dalla regolamentazione della localizzazione delle strutture si é quindi passati alla pianificazione del commercio, con i Piani per le attività commerciali, definendo le destinazione d'uso dei suoli e con i Piani per la modernizzazione del commercio, che sostengono attraverso aiuti finanziari gli imprenditori l'innovazione del settore. Gli obiettivi di questi strumenti sono strettamente settoriali e non tengono in alcun canto le relazioni con gli obiettivi della pianificazione e della progettazione urbanistica. La Direttiva Bolkenstein del 2006 ha avuto l'effetto di ridurre gli ostacoli nella localizzazione delle imprese economiche. L'autorizzazione per l'apertura di nuove strutture commerciali deve rispondere all'interesse generale (pianificazione, urbanistica, tutela dell'ambiente), favorendo il successo imprenditoriale. La regolazione di carattere amministrativo delle attivita commerciali ha anche prodotto effetti non previsti, come il contenimento degli ipermercati afronte dello sviluppo di supermercati e centri commerciali ed un processo di concentrazione delle imprese. Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/10277 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z