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oai:uvadoc.uva.es:10324/408282024-12-17T13:17:15Zcom_10324_1183com_10324_931com_10324_894col_10324_1396

Pine Pitch Canker (PPC): Pathways of Pathogen Spread and Preventive Measures Zamora Ballesteros, Cristina Díez Casero, Julio Javier Martín García, Jorge Witzell, Johanna Solla, Alejandro Ahumada, Rodrigo Capretti, Paolo Cleary, Michelle Drenkhan, Rein Dvořák, Miloň Elvira Recuenco, Margarita Fernández Fernández, María Mercedes Ghelardini, Luisa Gonthier, Paolo Hernández Escribano, Laura Ioos, Renaud Markovskaja, Svetlana Martínez Álvarez, Pablo Muñoz Adalia, Emigdio Jordan Nowakowska, Justyna Anna Oszako, Tomasz Raposo, Rosa Santini, Alberto Hantula, Jarkko Producción Científica Fusarium circinatum (Nirenberg and O’ Donnell) is the causal agent of pine pitch canker (PPC) disease, one of the most devastating forest diseases worldwide. Long-distance spread occurs mainly through the movement of infected seeds whereas at regional level, the movement of seedlings, substrates, or containers may play an important role in fungal dispersal. Invasion of nurseries takes place via infected seeds and further spread can occur by planting contaminated seedlings, especially due to the possibility of infected plants remaining symptomless. Once established, F. circinatum spreads by rain, wind, and insects. The natural spread of the pathogen is limited due to the short dispersal distances of the spores and the fairly short flight distances of disseminating insects. In this review, we summarize the currently known dispersal pathways of the pathogen, discussing both natural and human-assisted processes. With the purpose of understanding how to best intervene in the disease’s development in nurseries and forests, we outline the epidemiology of the pathogen describing the key factors influencing its spread. Preventive measures to control the spread of F. circinatum locally and globally are described with special emphasis on the challenges in implementing them. 2020-05-07T12:49:17Z 2020-05-07T12:49:17Z 2019 info:eu-repo/semantics/article Forests, 2019, vol. 10, n. 12. 25 p. 1999-4907 http://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/40828 10.3390/f10121158 eng https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/10/12/1158 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ © 2019 MDPI Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional MDPI SI