2026-04-26T20:25:05Zhttps://uvadoc.uva.es/oai/request
oai:uvadoc.uva.es:10324/455872025-03-11T09:13:25Zcom_10324_1131com_10324_931com_10324_894com_10324_41462com_10324_954col_10324_1201col_10324_41463
UVaDOC author Mendoza, Carmen de author Rodríguez, Carmen author Eiros Bouza, José María author Colomina, Javier author García, Federico author Leiva, Pilar author Torre Cisneros, Julián author Aguero, Jesús author Pedreira, José author Viciana Ramos, María Isabel author Corral, Angélica author Romero, Jorge del author Ortiz de Lejarazu Leonardo, Raúl author Soriano, Vincent 2021-03-09T11:35:35Z 2021-03-09T11:35:35Z 2005 Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2005, vol. 41, n.2, p. 227-232 1058-4838 http://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/45587 10.1086/431203 227 2 232 Clinical Infectious Diseases 41 1537-6591 Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment guidelines have evolved, shifting from more-aggressive to more-conservative approaches. The potential impact of these shifts on the transmission of drug-resistant virus is unknown. Methods: Drug-resistance genotypes were examined in all consecutive patients with recent HIV type 1 (HIV-1) seroconversion (hereafter, "HIV-1 seroconverters") seen at 10 Spanish hospitals since 1997. During the same period, the proportion of patients with chronic HIV-1 infection having undetectable viremia was examined, to estimate the extent and effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy. Results: A total of 141 recent HIV-1 seroconverters were identified, 67.4% of whom were men who have sex with men. The rate of primary drug-resistance mutations, by year of infection, was 33.3% for 1997, 29.4% for 1998, 20% for 1999, 14.3% for 2000, 3.4% for 2001, 15.4% for 2002, and 10.9% for 2003. On the other hand, the proportion of 8388 persons with chronic HIV-1 carriage who had an undetectable virus load was 33.4% for 1997, 34.6% for 1998, 39.7% for 1999, 47.5% for 2000, 52.9% for 2001, 39.7% for 2002, and 58.1% for 2003. A significant inverse correlation between transmission of drug-resistant HIV-1 and undetectable virus load was found (r=-0.955, by Spearman's test; P=.001). The lowest rate of transmission of drug-resistant HIV-1 was seen in 2001, when relatively "aggressive" treatment guidelines were used. Transmission of drug-resistant HIV-1 increased in 2002, in parallel with a reduction in the number of patients with chronic HIV-1 carriage and undetectable virus load, reflecting the popularity of drug holidays or treatment interruptions. Conclusion: The rate of drug resistance in recent HIV-1 seroconverters inversely correlates with the proportion of chronically HIV-1-infected individuals who have undetectable virus loads in the same region, which indirectly reflects antiretroviral treatment rules at any given time. eng Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional Antiretroviral recommendations may influence the rate of transmission of drug‐resistant HIV type 1 info:eu-repo/semantics/article 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 URL https://uvadoc.uva.es/bitstream/10324/45587/1/Antiretroviral-recommendations.pdf File MD5 0282c23573a11a4a92d677a774d2fc33 137664 application/pdf Antiretroviral-recommendations.pdf