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Nicolas Alonso, Luis Fernando Gómez Gil, Jaime 2022-11-21T10:51:37Z 2022-11-21T10:51:37Z 2012 Sensors, 2012, vol. 12, n. 2, p. 1211-1279 1424-8220 https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/57272 10.3390/s120201211 1211 2 1279 Sensors 12 1424-8220 Producción Científica A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a hardware and software communications system that permits cerebral activity alone to control computers or external devices. The immediate goal of BCI research is to provide communications capabilities to severely disabled people who are totally paralyzed or ‘locked in’ by neurological neuromuscular disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, brain stem stroke, or spinal cord injury. Here, we review the state-of-the-art of BCIs, looking at the different steps that form a standard BCI: signal acquisition, preprocessing or signal enhancement, feature extraction, classification and the control interface. We discuss their advantages, drawbacks, and latest advances, and we survey the numerous technologies reported in the scientific literature to design each step of a BCI. First, the review examines the neuroimaging modalities used in the signal acquisition step, each of which monitors a different functional brain activity such as electrical, magnetic or metabolic activity. Second, the review discusses different electrophysiological control signals that determine user intentions, which can be detected in brain activity. Third, the review includes some techniques used in the signal enhancement step to deal with the artifacts in the control signals and improve the performance. Fourth, the review studies some mathematic algorithms used in the feature extraction and classification steps which translate the information in the control signals into commands that operate a computer or other device. Finally, the review provides an overview of various BCI applications that control a range of devices. Junta de Castilla y León, (proyecto VA034A10-2) application/pdf eng MDPI info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ © 2012 The Author(s) Attribution 3.0 Unported Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) Electroencephalography (EEG) Rehabilitation Artifact Neuroimaging Brain-Machine Interface (BMI) collaborative sensor system 33 Ciencias Tecnológicas 3314 Tecnología Médica Brain computer interfaces, a review info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/2/1211 SI