2026-05-05T10:09:45Zhttps://uvadoc.uva.es/oai/request

oai:uvadoc.uva.es:10324/592642023-04-24T19:01:06Zcom_10324_40357com_10324_952com_10324_894col_10324_40358

Fernández Martínez, Itziar Enriquez De Salamanca Aladro, Amalia Portero, Alejandro García Vázquez, Carmen Calonge, Margarita Herreras Cantalapiedra, José María 2023-04-24T12:59:01Z 2023-04-24T12:59:01Z 2021 Applied Science, 2021, vol. 11, n. 19, 8958 https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/59264 10.3390/app11198958 8958 19 Applied Sciences 11 2076-3417 Producción Científica Alterations in tear cytokine levels have been associated with various ocular disorders as compared to those in healthy subjects. However, age and sex are not always considered in these comparisons. In this study we aimed to establish age and sex reference intervals (RIs) for tear cytokine levels in healthy people. Tear samples were taken from 75 males and 82 females, aged 18–88 years, and tear cytokine levels were determined. Age- and sex-adjusted RIs for epidermal growth factor (EGF), fractalkine, interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist (RA), IL-7, IL-8, interferon inducible protein (IP)-10, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) tear cytokine levels in a healthy sample were established using generalized additive for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) models. RIs were tested in two external samples: a validation sample of 40 individuals with normal results at four Dry Eye Disease (DED) clinical diagnostic tests (OSDI, T-BUT, corneal staining and Schirmer test); and a utility sample of 13 severe DED cases. IL-1RA, IL-8, IP-10, and MCP-1 levels showed a positive association with age, while EGF was negatively correlated. IL-7 concentration increased up to 40 years and again after 70 years, observing a quasi-linear decrease between them. For VEGF, higher levels were observed in the middle-aged range. Regarding sex-influence, fractalkine tear levels were higher in men, whereas those of IL-7, IL-8, and IP-10 were higher in women. Using the estimated age- and sex-adjusted RIs, more than 92% of the validation sample was correctly classified, and 100% of the severe DED patients in the utility sample had concentrations outside the RIs in at least two of the cytokines evaluated. application/pdf eng MDPI info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ © 2021 The Authors Atribución 4.0 Internacional Ophthalmology Ojo Enfermedades y defectos Tear cytokines Biomarkers Age- and sex-influence Dry eye disease Citocinas lagrimales Biomarcadores Influencia de la edad y el sexo Enfermedad del ojo seco 3201.09 Oftalmología Age and sex-adjusted reference intervals in tear cytokine levels in healthy subjects info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/19/8958 SI