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<mods:namePart>Muñoz Cerro, Elena</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Armijos Montaño, Andrés Roosevelt</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>López Marcos, Daphne</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Martínez Ruiz, Carolina</mods:namePart>
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<mods:identifier type="citation">Forest Ecology and Management, 2026, vol. 600, p. 123291</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="issn">0378-1127</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="uri">https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/80262</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123291</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="publicationfirstpage">123291</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="publicationtitle">Forest Ecology and Management</mods:identifier>
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<mods:abstract>Facilitative interactions among plants can support vegetation recovery in degraded environments, yet their&#xd;
medium-term effectiveness in restoration remains insufficiently understood. We conducted a 12-year field&#xd;
experiment in reclaimed open-cast coal mines in northern Spain to assess whether native colonizer legume shrubs&#xd;
enhance the survival and growth of seedlings of two Quercus species. A total of 800 seedlings were planted under&#xd;
four treatments combining the presence/absence of shrub and grazing, allowing us to disentangle biotic and&#xd;
abiotic facilitation mechanisms. Shrubs enhanced seedling survival, particularly for Q. pyrenaica, by buffering&#xd;
early mortality during summer droughts. Medium-term seedling survival under shrubs was markedly higher than&#xd;
in shrub-free areas (13–25 % vs. 1–4 %). Herbivory had a limited effect on survival, with fencing providing&#xd;
marginal benefits in specific years. Slow increments of Quercus seedling height and diameter over time were&#xd;
found, being more pronounced for Q. petraea, and varying as the combined effect of shrubs and grazing exclu-&#xd;
sion. Annual growth varied over time for both Quercus species, being greater under than outside shrubs for&#xd;
Q. petraea, while for Q. pyrenaica, the shrub effect depended on the year. Q. pyrenaica seedlings exhibited higher&#xd;
annual growth than Q. petraea. Differences in seedling annual growth with and without shrubs were smaller in&#xd;
the driest years. We conclude that native shrubs play a key facilitative role in the medium-term restoration of&#xd;
degraded oak ecosystems under sub-Mediterranean conditions. Their effectiveness varies by species and response&#xd;
variable (survival vs. growth), and the underlying facilitation mechanisms differ over time.</mods:abstract>
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<mods:title>Twelve-year oak seedling survival and growth in post-coal mining pastures of northern Spain: Combined effects of nurse shrubs and grazing exclusion</mods:title>
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