RT info:eu-repo/semantics/article T1 Real-time tool localization for laparoscopic surgery using convolutional neural network A1 Benavides Cobos, Diego A1 Cisnal de la Rica, Ana A1 Fontúrbel Mediavilla, Carlos A1 Fuente López, Eusebio de la A1 Fraile Marinero, Juan Carlos K1 Artificial intelligence K1 Biomedical engineering K1 Ingenieria biomédica K1 Image processing K1 Imágenes, Tratamiento de las K1 Laparoscopic surgery K1 Abdomen - Cirugía K1 Cirugía laparoscópica K1 Abdominal surgery K1 Abdomen - Cirugía K1 Real-time data processing K1 Tiempo real K1 Neural networks (Computer science) K1 Redes neuronales (Informática) K1 Medical technology K1 1203.04 Inteligencia Artificial K1 32 Ciencias Médicas K1 3213.01 Cirugía Abdominal K1 3314 Tecnología Médica AB Partially automated robotic systems, such as camera holders, represent a pivotal step towards enhancing efficiency and precision in surgical procedures. Therefore, this paper introduces an approach for real-time tool localization in laparoscopy surgery using convolutional neural networks. The proposed model, based on two Hourglass modules in series, can localize up to two surgical tools simultaneously. This study utilized three datasets: the ITAP dataset, alongside two publicly available datasets, namely Atlas Dione and EndoVis Challenge. Three variations of the Hourglass-based models were proposed, with the best model achieving high accuracy (92.86%) and frame rates (27.64 FPS), suitable for integration into robotic systems. An evaluation on an independent test set yielded slightly lower accuracy, indicating limited generalizability. The model was further analyzed using the Grad-CAM technique to gain insights into its functionality. Overall, this work presents a promising solution for automating aspects of laparoscopic surgery, potentially enhancing surgical efficiency by reducing the need for manual endoscope manipulation. PB MDPI SN 1424-8220 YR 2024 FD 2024 LK https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/68303 UL https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/68303 LA eng NO Sensors, 2024, Vol. 24, Nº. 13, 4191 NO Producción Científica DS UVaDOC RD 17-jul-2024