RT info:eu-repo/semantics/article
T1 Toward the integration of mixed reality and brain-computer interfaces based on code-modulated visual evoked potentials
A1 Moreno Calderón, Selene
A1 Martínez Cagigal, Víctor
A1 Martín Fernández, Ana
A1 SantaMaría Vazquez, Eduardo
A1 Hornero Sánchez, Roberto
K1 Brain-computer interfaces (BCI)
K1 Code-modulated visual evoked potential (c-VEP)
K1 Mixed reality (MR)
K1 Eyestrain
K1 Electroencephalography (EEG)
K1 33 Ciencias Tecnológicas
K1 32 Ciencias Médicas
AB Background and objective: Brain-computer interface (BCI) systems can assist individuals with severe motor disabilities by enabling communication through their brain signals using spellers, which allow selecting commands from a set of options. For this technology, accuracy, speed and user comfort are essential. Code-modulated visual evoked potentials (c-VEPs) have demonstrated promising performance in BCI control. Integrating BCI systems with mixed reality (MR) could provide portability and autonomy. However, to the best of our knowledge, no existing studies have explored the feasibility of combining MR with c-VEP-based BCIs. This study aims to: (1) evaluate the performance of integrating MR with c-VEP-based BCIs and (2) study the visual fatigue induced by c-VEPs compared to traditional screen. Methods: Twenty participants used a 36-character speller to select words in both MR and traditional screen conditions. Metrics like accuracy and information transfer rate (ITR) were measured. Usability and eyestrain were evaluated through questionnaires. Results: The integration of MR with c-VEPs achieved an accuracy of 96.71 % and an ITR of 27.55 bits/min, compared to 95.98 % accuracy and 27.10 bits/min for the conventional screen condition. The questionnaires revealed minimal levels of visual fatigue in both conditions and high usability. No significant differences were observed between conditions in terms of performance or visual fatigue. Conclusions: The c-VEP-based speller with MR-BCI technology proved feasible, achieving performance levels similar to the conventional setup, with high accuracy in both conditions. The study also found comparable visual fatigue between MR and traditional screens, supporting the practicality of MR integration in BCI systems.
PB Elsevier
SN 0208-5216
YR 2025
FD 2025
LK https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/78342
UL https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/78342
LA eng
NO Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, 2025, vol. 45, n. 3,  p. 528-538
NO Producción Científica
DS UVaDOC
RD 11-oct-2025