RT info:eu-repo/semantics/article
T1 Evaluation of green and practical analytical techniques for the determination of the antihypertensive drugs amlodipine and valsartan
A1 Haque, Shaikh Manirul
A1 Kabir, Abuzar
A1 Rafatullah, Mohd.
A1 Sadique, Zakariya
A1 De La Fuente Ballesteros, Adrián
K1 Amlodipine
K1 Valsartan
K1 Green analytical chemistry
K1 Analytical techniques
K1 Analytical eco-scale
K1 AGREE
K1 BAGI
K1 2301 Química Analítica
AB The development of sustainable pharmaceutical analysis is essential to ensure drug safety, efficacy, and envi-ronmental responsibility. Amlodipine (AML) and valsartan (VAL) are widely prescribed antihypertensive agentsoften used in combination due to their synergistic effects on cardiovascular and renal health. This review pre-sents a comparison of recent analytical methodologies developed for the quantification of AML and VAL in activepharmaceutical ingredients, dosage forms, and biological fluids. The techniques evaluated include ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC).Each method is critically assessed in terms of analytical performance and environmental sustainability, followingthe twelve principles of green analytical chemistry (GAC). To evaluate the environmental impact and practicalapplicability of the methods, three complementary assessment tools were applied: the analytical Eco-Scale, theanalytical GREEnness metric (AGREE), and the blue applicability grade index (BAGI). The results indicate thatwhile all reviewed techniques are capable of accurately quantifying AML and VAL, simpler methods such asUV–Vis and MEKC show higher green scores, whereas spectrofluorimetry and UHPLC offer greater sensitivity andspeed. This work aims to guide researchers in selecting or developing analytical methods that balance perfor-mance, sustainability, and practical implementation in pharmaceutical analysis.
PB Elsevier
SN 0026-265X
YR 2025
FD 2025
LK https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/79691
UL https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/79691
LA eng
NO Microchemical Journal, 2025, vol. 218, p. 115616
NO Producción Científica
DS UVaDOC
RD 14-nov-2025