RT info:eu-repo/semantics/article T1 Passive electroluminescence and photoluminescence in outdoor photovoltaic modules: synchronous and asynchronous lock-in strategies A1 Redondo Plaza, Alberto Gregorio A1 Morales Aragones, José Ignacio A1 Mateo Romero, Héctor Felipe A1 Zorita Lamadrid, Ángel Luis A1 Alonso Gómez, Víctor A1 Hernández Callejo, Luis K1 Solar energy K1 Photovoltaic K1 Inspection techniques K1 Luminescence K1 Electroluminescence K1 Photoluminescence and Lock-In K1 3306 Ingeniería y Tecnología Eléctricas K1 2106.01 Energía Solar AB Photovoltaic power plants require module inspections to detect failures, thereby avoiding safety issues and optimizing overall operation. Luminescence imaging acquisition offers a viable solution for photovoltaic inspections, providing valuable information about module performance. This article presents a novel technique termed passive electroluminescence and photoluminescence, capable of producing luminescence images under daylight conditions by using sunlight or string current as excitation sources for photoluminescence and electroluminescence modulation, respectively. To achieve this modulation, an electronic board has been developed, which connects within a photovoltaic string and allows for measurements during the normal operation of the plant. The study focuses on analysing two strategies: synchronous and asynchronous lock-in approaches. While the synchronous method requires coordination between the camera and the electronic board, the asynchronous method operates independently of such synchronization. Although both strategies have been successfully validated, results indicate that the asynchronous strategy is faster and simpler to implement, whereas the synchronous approach may yield slightly higher quality results. PB Elsevier SN 0038-092X YR 2026 FD 2026 LK https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/83993 UL https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/83993 LA eng NO Solar Energy, July 2026, 312, 114568 NO Producción Científica DS UVaDOC RD 10-abr-2026