Background and Aims: The present study was designed to investigate SNP rs17300539 in the ADIPOQ gene and its relationships with obesity, metabolic syndrome (MS), and serum circulating adiponectin. Methods: The present design involved a Caucasian population of 329 subjects with obesity. Anthropometric and adiposity parameters, blood pressure, biochemical parameters, and the percentage of patients with metabolic syndrome were recorded. The ADIPOQ gene variant (rs17300539) genotype was evaluated. Results: The percentage of patients with different genotypes of the rs17300539 polymorphism in this sample was 86.0% (n = 283) (GG), 11.2% (n = 37) (GA), and 2.7% (n = 9) (AA). The allele frequency was G (0.76) and A (0.24). Applying the dominant genetic model (GG vs. GA + AA), we reported differences between genotype GG and genotype GA + AA for serum adiponectin levels (Delta: 7.5 ± 1.4 ng/mL; p = 0.03), triglycerides (Delta: 41.1 ± 3.4 mg/dL; p = 0.01), fastingcirculating insulin (Delta: 4.9 ± 1.1 mUI/L; p = 0.02), and insulin resistance as HOMA-IR (Delta: 1.4 ± 0.1 units; p = 0.02). The remaining biochemical parameters were not related to the genotype of obese patients. The percentages of individuals with MS (OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.3–3.88; p = 0.01), hypertriglyceridaemia (OR = 2.66, 95% CI = 1.43–5.01; p = 0.01), and hyperglycaemia (OR = 3.31, 95% CI = 1.26–8.69; p = 0.02) were higher in GG subjects than patients with A allele. Logistic regression analysis reported an important risk of the presence of metabolic syndrome in GG subjects (OR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.21–4.11; p = 0.02) after adjusting for adiponectin, dietary energy intakes, gender, weight, and age. Conclusions: The GG genotype of rs17300539 is associated with hypertriglyceridaemia, insulin resistance, low adiponectin levels, and a high risk of metabolic syndrome and its components.
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