The thirty-fifth anniversary of K+ channels in O₂ sensing: what we know and what we don’t know

Abstract

On the thirty-fifth anniversary of the first description of O₂-sensitive K+ channels in the carotid body chemoreceptors O₂ sensing remains a salient issue in the literature. Whereas much has been learned about this subject, important questions such as the identity of the specific K+ channel subtype(s) responsible for O₂ sensing by chemoreceptors and the mechanism(s) by which their activities are altered by hypoxia have not yet been definitively answered. O₂ sensing is a fundamental biological process necessary for the acute and chronic responses to varying environmental O₂ levels which allow organisms to adapt to hypoxia. Whereas chronic responses depend on the modulation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors which determine the expression of numerous genes encoding enzymes, transporters and growth factors, acute responses rely mainly on the dynamic modulation of ion channels by hypoxia, causing adaptive changes in cell excitability, contractility and secretory activity in specialized tissues. The most widely studied oxygen-sensitive ion channels are potassium channels, but oxygen sensing by members of both the calcium and sodium channel families has also been demonstrated. Given the explosion of information on this topic, in this review, we will focus on the mechanisms of physiological oxygen chemotransduction by PO₂-dependent K+ channels, with particular emphasis on their function in carotid body chemoreceptor cells (CBCC) and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC), highlighting areas of consensus and controversy within the field. We will first describe the most well-established concepts, those reproduced in multiple laboratories, and then discuss selected observations or questions that remain unresolved, and that limit our progress in this field.