Cities have experienced periods of growth and decline throughout
history, with consistent experiences of collapse and shrinking. The
ruins of cities, from the Greek to the Romans, have long been
regarded as sites of contemplation on the ephemerality of
civilisations. Postindustrial cities were the latest to experience such
decline as a result of the shift from Fordism to post-Fordism and
from Keynesianism to neoliberalism (Bell 1973), along with the
disruptions following the global financial crisis of 2008 (Cairns and
Jacobs 2017) and the more recent COVID-19 pandemic (Pallagst
et al. 2022).[Part of the text]
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