Systematic Review of Flat Plate Photovoltaic Thermal Systems: Components, Efficiency, Monitoring, and Artificial Intelligence

Abstract

The use of hybrid solar panels represents a promising technology for the simultaneous generation of electrical and thermal energy from solar radiation. However, their implementation has been slow due to various technical challenges related to component optimization and the integration of new technologies. This article presents a review of flat-plate hybrid solar panels, focusing on four key aspects: system components, parameters affecting efficiency, monitoring, and applications of artificial intelligence. The analysis highlights the importance of the thermal absorber design and the heat transfer fluid, as well as the influence of environmental, operational, and design-related factors on overall system performance. Furthermore, the need for a comprehensive monitoring approach is emphasized, given that thermal performance is closely linked to the electrical behavior of the system. Regarding AI, its main applications in this field are discussed, particularly in efficiency and environmental variable prediction, design optimization, and the identification of optimal solar system configurations. The integration of AI and real-time monitoring, along with component improvements, can significantly enhance the impact of PVT systems in the energy transition, promoting their adoption in residential and commercial applications and contributing to global sustainability goals.