Miniaturized solid-phase extraction techniques in sample preparation applied to food matrices: A review

Abstract

Sample preparation is a critical step in analytical workflows, especially in food analysis, where complex matrices require efficient and reliable extraction techniques. Traditionally, methods such as liquid–liquid extraction have been widely used. However, the growing need for greener and more sustainable approaches has shifted the focus toward solid-phase extraction (SPE). In recent years, miniaturized SPE techniques have emerged as a powerful alternative, offering reduced sample and solvent consumption, simplified workflows, and compatibility with modern analytical platforms. This review explores the development and application of miniaturized SPE methods in food analysis, discussing key advances, advantages over traditional techniques, and remaining challenges. The solid-phase miniaturized techniques covered include solid-phase microextraction, stir-bar sorptive extraction, magnetic solid-phase extraction, immunoaffinity solid-phase extraction, microextraction by packed sorbent, molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction, and dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction. By summarizing the literature and providing a critical overview of these approaches, this work highlights the potential of minia- turized SPE as a cornerstone for innovative and sustainable food analysis.