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dc.contributor.authorMartín Fernández, Ana
dc.contributor.authorMartínez Cagigal, Víctor 
dc.contributor.authorMoreno Calderón, Selene 
dc.contributor.authorSantaMaría Vazquez, Eduardo 
dc.contributor.authorHornero Sánchez, Roberto 
dc.date.accessioned2025-07-01T07:59:45Z
dc.date.available2025-07-01T07:59:45Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.identifier.citationBiomedical Signal Processing and Control, 2025, vol. 108, p. 107894es
dc.identifier.issn1746-8094es
dc.identifier.urihttps://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/76171
dc.descriptionProducción Científicaes
dc.description.abstractBrain-computer interfaces (BCI) based on code-modulated visual evoked potentials (c-VEP) enable users to control devices through brain activity. These systems typically employ black and white flashes encoded via pseudo-random binary sequences to synchronize brain responses with specific commands. However, this traditional encoding often induces visual fatigue in users. Additionally, the sharp contrast of black and white commands can obscure the background on which they are displayed, complicating the integration of this technology in dynamic environments. Using semi-transparent stimuli could address these issues by reducing eyestrain and enabling compatibility with diverse backgrounds. However, the impact of opacity in c-VEP stimuli remains unexplored. This study aims to assess how varying visual stimulus opacity influences system accuracy and user experience. Six different opacity and background combinations were tested with ten healthy participants, who rated visual fatigue on a scale from 0 (none) to 10 (extreme) after each condition. Results showed that traditional encoding achieved 100% accuracy but induced high fatigue (6.4 points). A configuration with 100% opacity for black and 50% for white maintained high accuracy (99.38%) while reducing fatigue to 3.7 points. Brain responses were consistent when both black and white stimuli were present, but patterns changed when one color was omitted. Spatial filters revealed stable c-VEP decoding from the parieto-occipital cortex, with slightly higher activation in low-contrast conditions. The findings from this study suggest that adjusting the opacity of stimuli in c-VEP-based BCI can optimize the balance between performance and user experience. Implementing a reduction in opacity not only improves visual fatigue but may also facilitate the integration of c-VEP systems into lifelike environments.es
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfes
dc.language.isoenges
dc.publisherElsevieres
dc.rights.accessRightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesses
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/*
dc.subject.classificationBrain-computer interfaces (BCI)es
dc.subject.classificationCode-modulated visual evoked potentialses
dc.subject.classification(c-VEP)es
dc.subject.classificationOpacityes
dc.subject.classificationVisual fatiguees
dc.titleEnhancing user experience in c-VEP-based BCI: Effects of visual stimulus opacity on performance and visual fatiguees
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlees
dc.rights.holder© 2025 The Author(s)es
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.bspc.2025.107894es
dc.relation.publisherversionhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1746809425004057es
dc.identifier.publicationfirstpage107894es
dc.identifier.publicationtitleBiomedical Signal Processing and Controles
dc.identifier.publicationvolume108es
dc.peerreviewedSIes
dc.description.projectThis work was supported by the project 0124_EUROAGE_MAS_4_E, cofunded by the European Union through the Interreg VI-A Spain- Portugal Program (POCTEP) 2021–2027. This publication is part of the TED2021-129915B-I00 action, funded by MICIU/AEI /10.13039/ 501100011033 and the European Union NextGenerationEU/ PRTR.es
dc.description.projectJunta de Castilla y León (Consejería de Educación de la Junta de Castilla y León) y la Federación Europea de Organizaciones de Investigación (FEDER) (VA140P2)es
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional*
dc.type.hasVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiones
dc.subject.unesco33 Ciencias Tecnológicases
dc.subject.unesco32 Ciencias Médicases


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