This study evaluated the performance of a single-stage photobioreactor (PBR), under varying hydraulic retention times (HRT) (4, 3 and 2 days), biomass concentrations (2.7 and 1.6 gTSS L−1) and illuminated surface/volume ratios (17.8 and 26.7 m2 m−3) in a continuous system operated for 192 days. The system achieved removal efficiencies of Total Organic Carbon of 94–96 %, Total Nitrogen of 92–97 % and phosphate of 91–100 % regardless of the operational conditions. N-NH4+ removal was primarily driven by assimilation into algal-bacterial biomass. Nitrate and nitrite accumulation in the cultivation broth was not observed and N2O generation was negligible. Increased light availability boosted biomass productivity up to 335.7 ± 77.8 g m−3 d−1. The reduction in biomass concentrations from 2.7 to 1.6 gTSS L−1 decreased microalgal concentration and diversity, particularly affecting filamentous bacteria. These results demonstrate that a single-stage PBR can achieve performance comparable to conventional two stages anoxic-aerobic photobioreactors, while being more cost-effective and sustainable, highlighting its potential for advanced wastewater treatment and resource recovery.
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