Data augmentation in predictive maintenance applicable to hydrogen combustion engines: a review

Abstract

Machine-learning-based predictive maintenance models, i.e. models that predict break- downs of machines based on condition information, have a high potential to minimize maintenance costs in industrial applications by determining the best possible time to per- form maintenance. Modern machines have sensors that can collect all relevant data of the operating condition and for legacy machines which are still widely used in the industry, retrofit sensors are readily, easily and inexpensively available. With the help of this data it is possible to train such a predictive maintenance model. The main problem is that most data is obtained from normal operating conditions, whereas only limited data are from failures. This leads to highly unbalanced data sets, which makes it very difficult, if not impossible, to train a predictive maintenance model that can detect faults reliably and timely. Another issue is the lack of available real data due to privacy concerns. To address these problems, a suitable data generation strategy is needed. In this work, a litera- ture review is conducted to identify a solution approach for a suitable data augmentation strategy that can be applied to our specific use case of hydrogen combustion engines in the automotive field. This literature review shows that, among the different state-of-the-art proposals, the most promising for the generation of reliable synthetic data are the ones based on generative models. The analysis of the different metrics used in the state of the art allows to identify the most suitable ones to evaluate the quality of generated signals. Finally, an open problem in research in this area is identified and it is the need to validate the plausibility of the data generated. The generation of results in this area will contribute decisively to the development of predictive maintenance models.